Journal of Health and Social Welfare

Module Development of Electronic Cigarettes: A Historical and Technical Viewpoint

Aasik Shrestha — 2025-11-10

Cigarette smoking is old tradition in Nepal but Electronic cigarettes is recent trend and powered by battery. It has also contains nicotine, WHO coined the word to it ‘electronic nicotine’. There has been advocacy as a harm reduction method for smokers who prefer an alternative to smoke-free tobacco but it has also contains nicotine, that’s why it has become public health concern. The study is based on secondary data published in research journals such as PubMed, Google scholar and others. The e-cigarette became modern with its invention in 2003 by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik. There are indications of it being of use to smokers interested in harm reduction, but the spread of its use among young people and lack of information regarding long-term health outcomes clearly indicate the need to continue surveillance, control and independent studies.

Frequent Protests on the Mental Health Effects on Early Childhood Development

Ashok Pandey — 2025-11-13

Nearly 8% of children worldwide experience mental disorders, yet few receive professional support, an issue more acute in Nepal, where mental health remains stigmatized and underfunded. Frequent strikes and protests, often organized by political groups and teachers’ unions, have become a persistent feature of Nepal’s socio-political landscape, disrupting children’s education and emotional stability. This qualitative study explores the impact of such political unrest on early childhood development (ECD) and mental well-being. Drawing on literature reviews, field observations, and interviews with parents and caregivers in Kathmandu, the research reveals how repeated school closures and community tensions create chronic stress for children. Many lose access to safe learning spaces, regular routines, and emotional security factors vital for cognitive and socio-emotional growth. Parents report heightened anxiety, restlessness, and behavioral changes in their children during prolonged disruptions. The findings emphasize that early instability can have long-term effects on brain development, learning capacity, and emotional regulation. Addressing these challenges requires integrating psychosocial support into education systems, promoting teacher-parent cooperation, and ensuring policy responses that minimize disruption. Protecting young minds from the ripple effects of political instability is essential not only for child well-being but also for Nepal’s sustainable social and educational development.

Roots of the idea of the Quality of Life

Parbati Budha — 2025-11-10

This historical, philosophical, and theoretical literature review is dedicated to the concept of Quality of Life (QoL) and its changing definitions and application in contemporary development discourse. Based on academic sources, and international policy frameworks, the review notes how QoL has been transformed into its philosophical roots (including the theory of eudaimonia by Aristotle) to the modern models that include the subjective well-being, personal abilities, and the socio-cultural settings. Such major theoretical standpoints as hedonic, rational preference, and human flourishing theories are explored on the contribution to the conceptualization of QoL. The integration of QoL in global development agendas, as discussed in the review, takes place through such indicators, as Human Development Index (HDI), and the recent efforts, such as the UN-Habitat Quality of Life Initiative. The results highlight the multidimensional and context-related character of QoL, as one of the key objectives of the public health, education, labor, and sustainable development.

A Article on History of Condoms

Babita Ghimire — 2025-11-13

^{The population grew exponentially, and since there were not enough resources to support a larger population, population management became difficult. To Control population and STDs, condoms were designed and practiced. As early as 1564, Italian anatomist Gabriello Fallopio penned what is considered the ‘a linen sheath fastened with a ribbon, offering protection against syphilis’. Now these are extensively available for men and women and extensively used. The condoms used even in ancient times were made of different materials, mostly from animal intestine. During the Renaissance period, scientific and medical knowledge developed, alongside with-it, condoms were also developed with their sophistication, with more pleasure.}

From Humors to Psychiatry: The Evolving Story of Anxiety, Depression, and StressS

Shreya Pandey — 2025-11-13

Some of the most prevalent mental health problems among individuals in the modern world are anxiety, depression, and stress. The understanding of these conditions has evolved from ancient theories of humors to the contemporary field of psychiatry. This paper has relied on secondary data based on the databases such as PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, supplemented by
reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international agencies. In the past, some diseases such as melancholia were attributed to the lack of balance of body fluids but their causes were later found to be biological and psychological. Most diagnostic instruments used in the modern science like Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hamilton Scales of Depression and Anxiety, assisted in normal assessment and treatment. Despite the development of knowledge and diagnosis processes, anxiety, depression and stress remain one of the most significant health issues worldwide particularly in the nations facing resource scarcity and stigmatization on mental health. Thus, prompt diagnosis, prevention and delivering of mental health services as a part of primary care is still necessary.

Public Health Model by Ashok Pandey

Sumiran Koirala — 2025-11-13

Nepal, a small country surrounded by the Himalayas, is known for its beautiful mountains and diverse landscapes. Beneath its beauty, Nepal faces the harsh impact of disasters each year. From earthquakes to floods, every challenge has taught its people to adapt and rebuild. These experiences have inspired changemakers to create new solutions that fit Nepal’s needs. One such changemaker is Ashok Pandey, a public health professional and policy researcher who believes in practical, community-based innovation. His work connects technology, education, and local action to make Nepal stronger and more self-reliant. The following three models are focused on disaster safety, volunteer development, and academic independence, which reflect his vision of a resilient Nepal where local ideas drive lasting change.

Risk factors of cervical cancer

Priyanka Yadav — 2025-11-13

Cervical cancer is the propagation of cells that are out of control in the cervix; it affects the entire reproductive system of the body, such as the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. There is a long history of devising a proper method for screening cervical cancer status. As early as 400 BCE, Hippocrates recognized cervical cancer as incurable. In Nepal, cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. According to the Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers Fact Sheet by the ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre (2023), cervical cancer accounts for approximately 20% of all female cancers in the country. The government should put in an effort to screen the cervical cancer and treat it where possible.

Poor sleep quality and its associated factors among adolescents

Niti Sharma Ghimire — 2025-11-13

Sleep helps relax both the body and mind while unconscious of the surroundings. People experience different sleep qualities and measure them in two ways: quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative aspect refers to how long someone sleeps, while the qualitative aspect is about how restful they feel when they wake up. This study looks to identify the factors linked to poor sleep quality. It uses secondary data and focuses on qualitative analysis. Several theories explain why we need sleep, including the Repair and Restoration Theory, Evolutionary Theory, Information Consolidation Theory, and the Clean-Up Theory. The findings indicate a strong connection between sleep quality and poor academic performance in adolescents. In Nepal, several studies have shown that many students experience sleep disturbances, with reports of poor sleep quality between 31% and 60.9%. These sleep disorders lead to health issues and ultimately result in poor academic performance.

Body Image Dissatisfaction among Adolescents

Supriya Raut — 2025-11-13

Body image dissatisfaction (BID) refers to a negative perception or attitude towards one’s own body, often stemming from a perceived mismatch between actual appearance and societal ideals. This issue is especially prevalent among adolescents, a group undergoing significant physical, emotional, and psychological changes. Research indicates that both boys and girls experience body dissatisfaction, though girls are often more affected, associating appearance with self-worth. The increasing influence of Western beauty standards, media portrayals, and social media exposure has intensified body dissatisfaction globally, including in Asian countries like Nepal. Historical and theoretical contributions—from Paul Schilder’s concept of body image to Festinger’s social comparison theory and Fredrickson & Roberts’ objectification theory—have deepened the understanding of this phenomenon. This paper, based on secondary data from journals and articles, highlights the risk factors, historical context, and measurement tools of BID, and calls for continued research and intervention strategies to address its growing impact on adolescent health and well-being.