Guarding against HPV: The science and significance of the vaccine

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide and a leading cause of several cancers, including cervical, vulvar, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. With HPV16 and HPV18 responsible for over 70% of cervical cancer cases globally, vaccination remains a crucial preventive measure. This study presents a comprehensive review of the scientific foundation, historical development, and public health significance of HPV vaccines. Through literature analysis from credible sources such as WHO, CDC, and PubMed, the paper traces key milestones—from the discovery of HPV’s link to cervical cancer to the creation and global rollout of virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines. In alignment with WHO’s 90-70-90 targets, strengthening vaccination efforts is essential to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health threat by 2030.