A article on Cardiovascular risk factors: from model development to clinical application

Models for Prevention of Cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Early identification of individuals at risk is a priority in global health.This paper reviews key cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction models and their application in clinical practice for primary prevention. The models discussed include the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE), SCORE2/SCORE2-OP, and QRISK. These tools are essential for risk stratification (e.g., low, intermediate, high) to guide clinical decisions, such as initiating statin therapy, and to enhance patient-provider communication. The adoption of these sophisticated models, supported by international guidelines, is a critical component of modern preventive medicine.