From Paper to Digital: Advancing Public Health Surveillance through ICT in Kathmandu Valley

Abstract

Background: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed public health surveillance globally, enabling real-time data collection, improved reporting, and early outbreak detection. In low-resource settings like Nepal, adoption is limited due to infrastructure gaps, workforce shortages, and low digital literacy. This study explored the role of IT in strengthening public health surveillance in Kathmandu Valley, identifying challenges, strategies, and future opportunities.

Methods: A qualitative research design was employed with seven purposively selected key informants, including IT experts and policymakers involved in public health surveillance. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, transcribed, translated, and analyzed thematically to generate key insights.

Results: Public health surveillance systems in Kathmandu Valley are transitioning from paper-based to IT-enabled platforms such as the Health Management Information System (HMIS) and Early Warning and Reporting System (EWARS), enhancing real-time disease monitoring, reporting accuracy, and outbreak response. Key barriers included limited infrastructure, fragmented systems, skill gaps, and privacy concerns. Strategies to address these challenges included inclusive digital training, mobile-friendly and offline-capable applications, centralized data management, and resilient cybersecurity. Informants envisioned predictive, people-centered surveillance systems harnessing AI, big data, blockchain, wearable devices, and telemedicine, emphasizing ethical and equitable implementation.

Conclusion: ICT integration holds significant potential to improve public health outcomes in Kathmandu Valley. Effective adoption requires strategic planning, capacity building, equitable access, and sustained multi-stakeholder collaboration to achieve a resilient, responsive, and technology-driven surveillance system.